Manuscript type Empirical. Research question/issue This paper aims to contribute to an improved theoretical and empirical understanding of the role that corporation has to play in anticorruption efforts. Research findings/insights Using cross-country data from three databases (Bribe Payers Index, Corruption Perceptions Index, and Doing Business) we found that pro-bribery Investment Climate conditions in host countries are not related to the payments of bribes by multinational companies when these corporations operate abroad. Theoretical/academic implications After describing the conceptual and policy framework that (...) surrounds the discussion on the role played by firms in anticorruption, we present the current debate regarding the effectiveness of international bribery control instruments, with the World Bank-GAC (2006-2008) report as a basis. Both literature and policy seem to be divided into two main, although not mutually exclusive, positions: one demands improvements in Investment Climate conditions from a joint public-private consensus led by international agencies; the other one supports the effectiveness of self-regulation by firms, independent of Investment Climate improvements. The study provides empirical support to the idea that a better Investment Climate is not enough for reducing corrup tion. Practitioner/policy implications This study offers insights to policy makers interested in promoting the involvement of corporations in the fight against corruption. (shrink)

El método clínico surge desde las relaciones humanas más primitivas y aún cuando se encuentra en constante evolución no se consigue su adecuada aplicación. El estudio de este método científico constituye uno de los temas más importantes que guían la praxis médica, ostenta ciertos caracteres que se entrelazan dialécticamente imposibles de desligar, centrados esencialmente en la relación médico-paciente con el objetivo de arribar al diagnóstico de una enfermedad determinada, por lo cual, se brindan algunas consideraciones teóricas a partir del análisis (...) de sus conceptualizaciones y atributos más significativos y se elabora una definición de método clínico. The clinical method faces constant evolution, in spite of the issues that affect its application. The study of this scientific method constitutes one of the most important topics that lead medical praxis. It entails several characteristics dialectically intertwined that focus mainly on the doctor-patient relation for the diagnosis of a given disease. The objective of this article is to provide some theoretical considerations based on the analysis of its main concepts and attributes. (shrink)

How should national societies build legitimate and inclusive collective identities amidst prolific multiculturalism and linguistic diversity? We argue that cultural ownership of particular ways of framing ethics should be part of this collective identity building process. We should avoid unfair domination of minority cultural identities, but how do we do this when ethical discourses themselves tend to be shaped by particular dominant identities? We look into the case of the challenges that a particular multicultural society, the Philippines, faces in its (...) ongoing collective identity building project on three levels: ethnic and linguistic differences, the historical layers of foreign culture that have each influenced these distinct cultural identities in different degrees, and the apparent domination of Tagalog linguistic culture over others. Our answer to the question of legitimate and inclusive collective identity comes from an inter-linguistic dialogue that can be effected between cultures by harnessing similarities of ethical concepts, without compromising cultural differences. We present three different possible approaches under the following headings: Pilipino ethics, Filipino ethics and Philippine ethics, each representing a particular stance to the dominant Tagalog linguistic culture. We argue for the third option, which is the most inclusive because of how it equalizes the status of all participating cultures in the dialogue. We also draw from the possibilities afforded by the phenomena of Scandinavian semicommunication and what this practice offers in making collective identity building more inclusive. (shrink)

Se presenta una propuesta de innovación educativa, dirigida al alumnado de Educación Secundaria, fundamentada en el uso de los itinerarios didácticos teatralizados como recurso didáctico con perspectiva de género. Para su confección se pretende una metodología que privilegia los contenidos procedimentales y que fomenta el pensamiento histórico y, por ende, el pensamiento crítico. Los contenidos seleccionados están relacionados con el siglo XVI y XVII y, más concretamente, con la persecución y procesamiento de mujeres por brujería y hechicería por parte del (...) Tribunal de la Inquisición. Para ello se toma como centro de estudio el proceso que se llevó a cabo en Córdoba contra Leonor Rodríguez, lo que llevará al alumnado a reflexionar y a preguntarse sobre los estereotipos de la mujer en la historia, así como en la actualidad, con la intención de formar a una ciudadanía crítica y comprometida. (shrink)

This empirical study explores the characteristics and degree of implementation of so-called ethics hotlines in transnational companies (TNCs), which allow employees to present allegations of wrongdoing and ethical dilemmas, as well as to report concerns. Ethics hotlines have not received much attention in literature; therefore, this paper aims to fill that gap. Through the analysis of conduct/ethics codes and the compliance programs of the top 150 transnational companies ranked by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ( 2007 (...) ), we carry out a descriptive and taxonomic study of these companies’ ethics hotlines. We analyze: (1) the basic characteristics of the mechanism, (2) the degree of exigency and the provision of safeguards, (3) the matters reported and the systems for reporting, and (4) the relationships between hotlines and economic characteristics of the firm. Our study compares financial and nonfinancial TNCs as well as North American and European TNCs. Our results show that many firms (especially from North America) have established these procedures. We also find some disparities between European and North American ethics hotlines that suggest differences in the orientation of the procedures. (shrink)

La democracia, entendida como el horizonte moral de la sociedad occidental, ¿necesita la terminación de la filosofía como saber fundante último? ¿Conllevan todos los relatos del fin de la filosofía una derrota de la verdad en favor de la opinión, una transformación y subordinación del propio discurso filosófico a la forma de convivencia que se considera más justa, más abierta, más inclusiva? Dicho de otra manera, ¿la pregunta sobre qué tipo de vocabulario y de acercamiento filosófico puede servir mejor a (...) la libertad humana tiene que ser la pregunta filosófica fundamental? ¿Habría que hacerle entonces a la filosofía las mismas terroríficas preguntas que Lenin le hizo a la libertad: filosofía sí, pero, ¿para quién, para hacer qué? A lo largo de este ensayo, se abordan estas cuestiones de la mano de dos relatos que teorizan el final de la filosofía con más de cuatrocientos años de diferencia. el primer relato es obra de Thomas Hobbes. el segundo, lo protagonizan Gianni Vattimo y Richard Rorty. el juego de espejos que se estable en el texto entre ambas narrativas quiere ser una reflexión sobre la identidad del discurso filosófico y su implementación en la institución universitaria en el marco de las democracias del siglo XXI. (shrink)

La propuesta del artículo es pensar determinadas fuerzas políticas condensadas en la figura del archivo, tanto en su instrumentalización por la Policía Nacional de Guatemala, como en su trabajo de rescate histórico y en su representación en el material humano de Rodrigo Rey Rosa. Desde una crítica derridiana, entendemos al archivo como el lugar que designa el encuentro de una pulsión de conservación y una pulsión de destrucción; esto es, el encuentro entre fuerzas que tratan de olvidar y las que (...) tratan de construir una memoria. El archivo entonces se muestra como una figura subversiva por su capacidad para desestabilizar cualquier mandato. Además, su desplazamiento a espacios del arte y la literatura significa también una producción de sentido específica, donde el archivo es a veces crítico, a veces pacificador. Desde dicha posición, se tratará de analizar tanto el uso represor del archivo como la representación hecha por Rey Rosa, pensando su escritura como una práctica social y como un trabajo arqueológico preocupado por el rescate de una verdad forense y en relación con una justicia espectral. El propósito final es hacer una revisión crítica de los usos de la figura del archivo y sus formas en las políticas de olvido, memoria y justicia. (shrink)

Background:The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of qualified nurses in Spain. As a result, the government authorized the hiring of senior students.Objectives:To explore the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts experienced by final-year nursing students who worked during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.Research design:A qualitative exploratory study was conducted using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out using a question guide. Interviews took place via a private video chat room platform. A thematic, inductive (...) analysis was performed of the information gathered.Participants and research context:Eighteen nursing students were recruited from two universities of Madrid, aged between 18 and 65 years old, enrolled in the fourth year of nursing studies and who were hired under a relief contract for health professionals during the pandemic.Ethical considerations:The present study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos.Results:Three specific themes emerged: (a) coping with patient triage, (b) difficulties in providing end-of-life care, and (c) coping with patient death. Nursing students participated in the process of patient selection for resource allocation and ICU bed occupancy. They were shown how to care for patients who were not admitted to the ICU, in their last moments and were faced with the difficulties of applying end-of-life care. Finally, the nursing students were confronted with the death of their patients, in overwhelming numbers and under adverse conditions.Conclusions:These findings can help shed light on the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts faced by novice nursing students, incorporated into the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it was described that students may normalize the death due to the exhaustion and overwhelmed routine. (shrink)

El autor aprovecha el fallido debate que tuvo lugar entre John Searle y Jacques Derrida desde finales de los anos setenta, en torno a la teoria de los actos de habla de John L. Austin. Este desencuentro no solo es analizado minuciosamente sino que ofrece sendas visiones retrospectivas de las tradiciones de Searle y Derrida, al tiempo que aprovecha el episodio para retratar algunos momentos de la filosofia contemporanea y reflexionar sobre los grande problemas de la filosofia del lenguaje y (...) de la mente: la palabra como instrumento de comunicacion, la intencionalidad de la conciencia y la diferancia como aspecto constitutivo de todo texto. (shrink)

Das Buch untersucht die Bedeutung des Begriffs rationalitas bei Hildegard von Bingen. Zunachst wird die Herkunft des Begriffs von der griechischen Logoslehre uber die fruhchristliche Trinitatsspekulation bis hin zur ratio-Rezeption des Fruhmittelalters beleuchtet. Auf diesem Hintergrund entfaltet der zweite Teil die anthropologisch-theologische Bedeutung von rationalitas fur das Weltbild Hildegards.

Cet article porte un regard sur les temporalités et les territorialités nocturnes des pratiques et des usages quotidiens à l’île de la Réunion. Peu d’études en sciences sociales ont jusqu’alors réussi à s’extraire des grandes métropoles du Nord pour décentrer leur regard et s’intéresser aux nuits des espaces urbains tropicaux. Dans cette perspective, l’une des tâches de fond consiste à étudier la place de l’obscurité dans le vécu et l’imaginaire des populations réunionnaises, gageant qu’une meilleure connaissance et compréhension des territorialités (...) nocturnes pourrait aider à consolider les démarches de protection de l’environnement nocturne dans le quotidien de l’aménagement des territoires. L’île a vu depuis plusieurs décennies ses campagnes se transformer profondément, pour certaines très marquées par l’exode, pour d’autres avalées dans un processus d’urbanisation non maîtrisé. C’est dans ce contexte que notre équipe a commencé à installer, en partenariat avec le Parc national de... (shrink)

By considering what we identify as a problem inherent in the ‘nature of the firm’—the risk of abuse of authority—we propound the conception of a social contract theory of the firm which is truly Rawlsian in its inspiration. Hence, we link the social contract theory of the firm with the general theory of justice. Through this path, we enter the debate about whether firms can be part of Rawlsian theory of justice showing that corporate governance principles enter the “basic structure.” (...) Finally, we concur with Sen’s aim to broaden the realm of social justice beyond what he calls the ‘transcendental institutional perfectionism’ of Rawls’ theory. We maintain the contractarian approach to justice but introduce Sen’s capability concept as an element of the constitutional and post-constitutional contract model of institutions with special reference to corporate governance. Accordingly, rights over primary goods and capabilities are granted by the basic institutions of society, but many capabilities have to be turned into the functionings of many stakeholders through the operation of firms understood as post-constitutional institutional domains. The constitutional contract on the distribution of primary goods and capabilities should then shape the principles of corporate governance so that at post-constitutional level anyone may achieve her/his functionings in the corporate domain by exercising such capabilities. In the absence of such a condition, post-constitutional contracts would distort the process that descends from constitutional rights and capabilities toward social outcomes. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage porte sur les transformations du droit de la propriété intellectuelle intervenus au cours des vingt dernières années dans le contexte de développement rapide des recherches sur les gènes et de quête d'innovations biotechnologiques appliquées à la médecine. L'apparition des brevets sur les gènes humains témoigne d’un puissant mouvement de marchandisation des connaissances. Celui-ci a pour base un déplacement important des équilibres entre science et technologie, entre le système de recherche public fonctionnant selon un régime de 'science ouverte', et (...) la recherche industrielle et privée fonctionnant selon un régime de réservation et d’appropriation des connaissances. La forme privilégiée prise par ce processus est le développement d’un secteur 'mixte' - un marché de la recherche de base sur lequel opèrent start-ups et gestionnaires de capital risque. Nous entrons dans l'ère post-industrielle - aux côtés de l’économie de l'information se dessine une économie de la connaissance qui propulse la recherche fondamentale dans la sphère marchande. Cette mutation s'accompagne d'un remaniement des concepts juridiques à l'aune d'une politique scientifique fondée sur la concurrence et la rentabilisation des coûts. La recherche en génétique est sans doute le domaine où s'exposent le plus clairement les interactions droit-économie induites par cette nouvelle donne. En effet, se constitue autour de la connaissance sur le gène humain devenue marchandise, un secteur aux allures d’ordre scientifico-concurrentiel. Le droit est partie prenante de cette évolution puisqu'il offre au secteur émergent tous les outils juridiques nécessaires à son développement. Cette étude présente les risques liés à cet état du droit - atteintes à la liberté de la recherche, appropriation de la connaissance, abandon d’une conception du droit comme lieu indépendant et maître de l'intérêt général au profit d'une attitude de suivisme et de gestion purement pratique des usages dominants. La vision transdisciplinaire ici offerte dépouille le débat des entraves idéologiques et des faux-semblants qui l’obèrent sur le plan scientifique, éthique, politique et même économique. En proposant une alternative, par la mise en place d'une autorité de régulation, à l’économisme ambiant, sans tomber dans le refus éthique catégorique, l’ouvrage invite scientifiques et juristes à poursuivre un travail d’imagination plus novateur dans le but de préserver le développement des sciences du vivant, spécialement du vivant humain, dans le respect de l'Homme. (shrink)

Les chaînes privées allemandes ne sont pas vraiment réputées pour le niveau élevé des débats qu'elles diffusent; la surprise est d'autant plus grande pour le zappeur qui, aux alentours de minuit, tombe sur ce genre de phrases : « La superstition économique est un peu comme l'éventail des vertus bourgeoises » ou « Les solutions se trouvent toujours dans la rue, dans le trafic. » Aucun doute : il s'agit d'une des émissions culturelles les plus remarquables - au sens plein (...) du mot - d'Alexander Kluge. Kluge a trouvé en Joseph Vogl un partenaire idéal pour sa technique d'interview si caractéristique. Le résultat de cette passion commune, ce sont plus de 40 interviews télévisuelles qui renouvellent le genre en profondeur. La digression, maniée avec un talent particulier, n'y est jamais gratuite. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe incorrect conceptualization and evaluation of reparations for colonial slave trade and slavery within the legal, as opposed to the political, domain, produces an interpretation of the demands in France that views them as morally absurd and politically deleterious. I’ll use Iris Marion Young’s distinction between a liability model and a social connection model of responsibility to suggest that the moral claim according to which we can be held responsible today for redressing the structural injustices inherited from slave trade and (...) slavery is not irrational, nor motivated by a political will to divide the body politic between blamed perpetrators and innocent victims. I’ll first analyze the difficulties posed by the liability model by focusing on a specific legal case, MIR and CMDP vs. French state. Then I’ll argue that using a political model of responsibility solves conceptual and normative issues and allows us to understand why, and to what extent, we are responsible for redressing the structural racial injustice that endures in French society. (shrink)

Higher education institutions worldwide have begun to embrace sustainability issues and engage their campuses and communities in such efforts, which have led to the development of integrity and ethical values in these organizations and their relationships with stakeholders. This study provides a literary review of the concept of University Social Responsibility (USR) and sustainability programs worldwide, grouped into eight research streams: conceptual framework, strategic planning and USR, educating on USR, spreading USR, reporting and USR, evaluation of USR, barriers and accelerators (...) and case studies. The aforementioned research streams served as a context to explore best practices in sustainability on a global basis. (shrink)

Ignorance is often a perfectly good excuse. There are interesting debates about whether non-culpable factual ignorance and mistake subvert obligation, but little disagreement about whether non-culpable factual ignorance and mistake exculpate. What about agents who have all the relevant facts in view but fail to meet their obligations because they do not have the right moral beliefs? If their ignorance of their obligations derives from mistaken moral beliefs or from ignorance of the moral significance of the facts they have in (...) view, should they be excused for failing to meet their moral obligations? It is not obvious that they should. In this paper we argue that the best non-skeptical accounts of moral responsibility acknowledge that factual ignorance and mistake will diminish moral responsibility in a way that moral ignorance and mistake will not. That is because factual ignorance is often non-culpable so long as it meets certain merely procedural epistemic standards but the same is not true of moral ignorance. Our argument is that the assumption that it is gets the standards of culpability for moral ignorance wrong, and that the mistake is encouraged by the thought that culpability in general requires an instance of known wrongdoing: that acting wrongly requires de dicto unresponsiveness to one’s obligations at some stage. We deny this and conclude that, therefore, ignorance and mistaken belief are indeed often perfectly good excuses – but far less often than some philosophers claim. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:This paper analyzes how national institutional factors affect the adoption of the international environmental management standard ISO 14001, using a panel of 139 countries from 1996 to 2006. The analysis emphasizes that during the emerging phase of the standard, the potential lack of consensus within the constituents of the national institutional environment concerning the value of a new standard could send mixed signals to firms about the standard. The results show that in the early phase of adoption, regulative and normative (...) forces within the institutional environment can work against each other. Results also show that regulative or coercive forces play a relatively more important role in the early phase of adoption of the standard than in the subsequent phases of diffusion. In the later phases of diffusion of ISO 14001, normative forces, such as the diffusion of other management standards, as well as factors related to trade, play a more important role. Because of the similarities between environmental management standards and corporate social responsibility standards, this study can help identify some of the challenges for diffusion of ISO management standards in the area of social responsibility. (shrink)

Interseções e interações entre mídia, religião e mercado: um objeto dinâmico e instigante (Intersections and interactions between media, religion and market: a dynamic object and thought-provoking) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2014v12n34p284 Editorial - Dossiê: Religião, Mercado e Mídia.

In connection with the European orientations, the teachers’ training in France follows deep reforms since 2005. The stake in which is a strengthening of the professional skills and knowledge which is leaning back against the research. On the base of longitudinal data collected with 3 generations of students, which are registered to the new Master›s degree «enseigner, éduquer, apprendre (to teach, to educate, to learn) « opened at the university of Burgundy in 2010, this research ponders over the way the (...) students (preparing themselves to become teachers) perceive the quality of their professionalization. In spite of the feeling not to be prepared enough for the exercise of their job, the speech of the students reveals an appropriation of the institutional logics of professionalization. In the current context of creation of the ESPE, this paradoxical speech invites to query the capacity of the institution to make legible its training’s processes in front of public, which remain determined by a vocational ideal. (shrink)

La acción de los medios de prensa de construir y representar realidades socioculturales genera --en reiteradas ocasiones-- relaciones desiguales, promoviendo e institucionalizando unas identidades en desmedro de otras. La situación se complejiza cuando se trata de países vecinos, con sus respectivas tradiciones socio-histórico-culturales, pasados comunes y límites bisagra. Bajo este escenario se analizaron las producciones noticiosas de cobertura nacional publicadas en los periódicos de mayor tirada de dos países limítrofes: “El Mercurio” de Chile y “El Comercio” de Perú. De este (...) modo, y por medio de una herramienta metodológica ligada al Análisis Crítico y Complejo del Discurso, esta investigación busca comprender los procesos de construcciones noticiosas y representaciones que los medios de prensa chilenos y peruanos hacen en torno a los “discursos de la diferencia” que se institucionalizan en la relación entre ambas naciones. The action of the press media of constructing and representing socio-cultural realities generates --on numerous occasions-- unequal relationships, which promote and institutionalize certain identities in detriment of others. The situation becomes more complex when it deals with neighboring countries and their corresponding socio-historical-cultural traditions, shared pasts, and “hinge-like” borders. Under this scenario, the production of national news by two nationwide press media of the neighboring countries will be analyzed: “El Mercurio” of Chile and “El Comercio” of Perú. In this manner, and using a methodological tool based on the Critical and Complex Analysis of the Discourse, the main objective of this research is to understand processes of construction of news and representations that the Chilean and Peruvian press make linked to the “discourse of the differences” which have been institutionalized in the relationship between them both. (shrink)

En los años finales del siglo XIX, funcionarios estatales de la educación señalaron que era necesario establecer bibliotecas en las escuelas de la Norpatagonia (Territorios Nacionales de Río Negro y Neuquén), como medios de propagar el “amor por la lectura”. Sus destinatarios fueron diferenciados en tres grupos: el alumnado, el magisterio y la comunidad local. Este trabajo aborda las relaciones entre las bibliotecas escolares y el segundo grupo, centrándose en la figura de maestros y maestras como receptores y difusores de (...) la acción bibliotecaria. Por un lado, ante la negativa percepción que las autoridades tenían respecto de estos sujetos y el medio donde se desempeñaban, se esperaba que estas bibliotecas funcionaran como instrumentos para su formación y capacitación, mejorando los conocimientos y prácticas de enseñanza. Por otro lado, se encargó a cada docente la tarea de transmitir hábitos de lectura a la comunidad, mediante la constitución misma de la biblioteca escolar y la realización de actividades de difusión de la lectura entre el alumnado y sus familiares. (shrink)

La multiplication sur Internet des dispositifs « interactifs » interroge les enjeux et les principes des nouvelles formes de communication qui envahissent les systèmes techniques contemporains. La banalisation et la généralisation de ces agencements machiniques remettent en question les frontières traditionnelles entre l’image et le réel, le regard et l’écran, le sens et le message, le sujet et le monde, le public et le privé, le pouvoir et la captation, la présence et l’absence, le désir et le manque...The increasing number (...) of « interactive » devices on Internet addresses the question of the stakes and principles linked to the new forms of communication invading contemporary technical systems. The trivialization and extension of these tools are a challenge to the standard boundary line between images and reality, the viewer and the screen, meaning and message, the individual and the world, the public and private spheres, power and addiction, presence and absence, desire and need.. (shrink)

This paper critically examines the debate between William of Ockham and his contemporary Peter Auriol on how to account for the intension and remission of forms. Peter Auriol denies that an added degree of a quality such as the theological virtue of charity could be anything other than something which is neither a universal nor an individual and which cannot be grasped by intuition, but must be posited in order to account for the possibility that an accidental form can vary (...) in intensity. Ockham aims at proving that Auriol’s account is inconsistent. In my opinion, Ockham does not succeed, nor does he succeed in defending a consistent account of the metaphysics underlying the intension and remission of forms. Indeed, he conceives of the degree of a quality as a part of the intensified quality which, while being an individual that is really distinct from the quality and can be picked out, forms a unity with it in such a way that the union of the degree and the quality is itself an individual. Ockham fails to distinguish the notion of maximal resemblance holding between a quality’s degree and the quality from the notion of maximal resemblance which holds between individuals of the same species. In the end, he is led to give up the idea that a degree is an individual that can be picked out in order to protect the core thesis of his nominalism about universals. (shrink)

Studies in Western contexts suggest that religiosity is in conflict with rationality since it relates to paranormal beliefs and distrust in science. East Asian cultures, known to be holistic and tolerant of contradictions, may, however, not experience this conflict. Using the International Social Survey Program, we analyzed data from Buddhists, Protestants, and Catholics in South Korea, as well as Catholics and Protestants in Austria and Denmark. Results confirmed a positive association between religiosity and paranormal beliefs among dominant religious group but (...) not among Korean Christians. Moreover, whereas religiosity in the West correlated positively with distrust in science, the opposite held for religious Korean groups. Religiosity mediated the relationship between paranormal beliefs and distrust in science among all dominant religious groups but in opposite directions in East and West. These findings bring a new cross-cultural perspective on the religion-science relationship. (shrink)

Corporate sustainable innovation is a major driver of institutional change, and its success can be largely attributed to employees. While some scholars have described the importance of intrinsic motivations and flexibility to facilitate innovation, others have argued that constraints and extrinsic motivations stimulate innovation. In the context of sustainable innovation, we explore which employee work practices are more conducive to firm-level innovation in corporate sustainability. Our results, based on a sample of 4640 French employees from 1764 firms, confirm the positive (...) impact of intrinsic motivations, and the negative impact of job strain, on corporate sustainable innovation. We also find that extrinsic rewards, through pay satisfaction, counteract the negative effect of job strain to promote sustainable innovation. This indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards can work in tandem to facilitate sustainable innovation. (shrink)

English summary: This book attests that a study on the history of philosophy has its place in contemporary debates. This book attempts to reconstruct William of Ockham's position on the nature and function of real definitions in order to show that nominalism does not oblige a particular position on essences. French description: Guillaume d'Ockham, defenseur bien connu du nominalisme, a manifeste un interet soutenu pour les definitions reelles. Cet ouvrage s'efforce de reconstruire sa position sur la nature et la fonction (...) des definitions reelles. Un examen de ce qu'est une definition reelle appelle une etude de ce qu'est une essence et de la nature du lien a poser entre l'essentiel et le necessaire. Cet ouvrage a pour objectif de montrer que le nominalisme ne contraint pas a une position determinee sur les essences. Saul Kripke nous dit que l'essentiel se reduit au necessaire. Kit Fine, par contre, affirme qu'il faut revenir a Aristote et soutenir que l'essentiel est irreductible au necessaire. Notre examen atteste qu'une etude en histoire de la philosophie a toute sa place dans les debats contemporains. L'essentialisme de Guillaume d'Ockham incite a rendre a Aristote ce qui lui revient et a faire preuve de circonspection. En definitive, les deux positions en presence ne sont peut-etre pas incompatibles. (shrink)

Air pollution is one of the largest environmental health risks globally but is often imperceptible to people. Air quality smartphone applications provide real-time localized air quality information and have the potential to help people learn about the health effects of air pollution and enable them to take action to protect their health. Hundreds of air quality apps are now available; however, there is scant information on how effective these mobile apps are at educating stakeholders about air pollution and promoting behavioral (...) change to protect their health. In this paper, we test how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can enhance users’ engagement with air quality information through an app, and favor changes in protective behavior. We developed an air quality app, AirForU, with a built-in research study that was downloaded by 2740 users. We found that engagement was higher for users with intrinsic motivations, such as those who are health conscious, either because they are suffering from heart disease or other conditions aggravated by air pollution, or because they exercise frequently and want to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Extrinsic motivations such as notifications were also effective. App users stated that they frequently shared air quality information with others, learned about the Air Quality Index, and took measures to protect their health while using AirForU app. (shrink)

Pourquoi la colère selon Platon ? S'évader d'une perspective classique qui présente tout excès comme étant mauvais, telle est la tentative de cette étude de la colère selon Platon.

European Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.